In yesterday’s post, I gave “Part 1” to my explanation as to how understand the Old Testament story. Here is “Part 2.” If you want to read the full story, let me suggest my translation of the Torah and Former Prophet.
King David and the Kingdom of Israel
In I Samuel, we find the Hebrews demanding to have a king. YHWH did not want them to have a king like the other nations, because, He warned, kings abuse and oppress their people. YHWH Himself was the king of the Hebrews, and so when they demanded to have a king like the nations, it was seen as a slap in the face to YHWH. Even so, YHWH allowed it, and chose to incorporate the kingship into His covenant. The first king, Saul, was a failure. He failed to obey Samuel the prophet, and was continually ignoring YHWH’s commands. It was the next king, David, that figures so prominently in the history of the Jews.
We know many stories about David: Goliath, David’s conflict with Saul, David and Bathsheba, as well as others. But it was the establishment of the Davidic line of kings that plays a central role in the core identity and beliefs of Israel: (1) David was anointed by Samuel to become king. The Hebrew word messiah means “anointed one.” (2) It was David and his son Solomon who fully conquered the Promised Land. This was thus seen as a fulfillment of God’s covenant with Abraham, and also Moses. (3) It was David who wanted to build a Temple for YHWH, as a place where YHWH could dwell among His people, much like He did with the Tabernacle during the Exodus. It was David’s son Solomon who actually built the Temple.
These three things can be seen in II Samuel 7. It lies at the heart of Jewish belief concerning the Davidic king, the Temple of YHWH, and YHWH’s covenant with Israel. What we see in this passage is that it was David who wanted to build a Temple for YHWH, but that YHWH did not seem to want one. Nevertheless, YHWH promises to make a “house” for David. He declares that the “offspring” of David will build a house for YHWH, that YHWH will be a father to him, and he will be a son to YHWH, that YHWH will punish him when he does wrong, but that He will never take away His covenant love (i.e. hesed) from him, and that David’s throne would be established forever. This might seem a bit ambiguous, and indeed it is. Nevertheless, it was taken to mean that Solomon would build the Temple, and that YHWH would establish the throne of David forever.
Still, when one looks back at God’s covenant with Abraham, one might wonder, “How are the nations of the earth going to be blessed through Israel?” The idea seemed to be this: Israel would be a light to the Gentiles through their covenant with YHWH. Their king would be YHWH’s chosen ruler, and would in a sense be “YHWH’s son” who would rule righteously and look after widows and orphans; the people would keep YHWH’s covenant, worship YHWH in the Temple, make YHWH’s land fertile and prosperous. In doing this, the nation of Israel would be a true reflection to the Gentiles of the image of God, and the Gentile nations would then come to Jerusalem to worship the one true God, YHWH.
There was only one problem: the kings and people of Israel. II Samuel shows David to be a deeply flawed king; I Kings shows Solomon to be a conniving and oppressive king who sowed the seeds of civil war between Israel and Judah; and the rest of I and II Kings tells of the rest of the kings of Israel and Judah, most of whom were miserable failures. Despite certain good kings like Hezekiah and Josiah, the history of the kings of Israel and Judah is marked by idol worship, immorality, and bloodshed. YHWH would raise up prophets to warn the kings and people of Israel and Judah that they were breaking the covenant with YHWH and that YHWH would punish them, yet most of the time they refused to listen to the prophets. The northern kingdom of Israel was destroyed by Assyria in 721 B.C., and the southern kingdom of Judah held on until 587 B.C., when it was conquered by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. It was 587 B.C., when Solomon’s Temple was destroyed, that marked the complete and utter destruction of the nation of Judah and the people of YHWH. It was the Babylonian Exile that changed everything.
The Babylonian Exile
With the Babylonian Exile, the Jews essentially found themselves back where they began, captives in a foreign country. They were once slaves in Egypt, and now they were exiles in Babylon. The entire covenant of Abraham seemed to be gone, the curses in the covenant of Moses had happened, and now the promises God had made to Abraham and Moses seemed as if they would never come true: (1) they were no longer a national people because their nation was destroyed, (2) they had been taken out of the Promised Land, the tangible symbol of YHWH’s salvation, (3) Jerusalem and the Temple of YHWH, where YHWH dwelt among His people, was destroyed, therefore He must not be with them anymore, (4) there was no longer any Davidic king. No King, no Temple, no Land = no People of God. Because of their unfaithfulness to YHWH and His covenant, the kingdom of Israel had been torn apart, the northern kingdom had been destroyed in 721 B.C, and the southern kingdom had been destroyed in 587 B.C.—there was no more nation of Israel, no more people of God. The people of Judah found themselves in exile, forced to live among the pagan nations, and Jerusalem, the holy city, was destroyed. YHWH has become an enemy to Judah, He has destroyed the Temple, abolished Jewish customs, and has rejected the Jewish kingship and the priesthood.
The Return from Exile and the Messianic Hope
Surprisingly though, the exiles found that YHWH had not completely deserted them. Even before the Exile, through prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah, YHWH said that although He would judge their sinfulness, that He would save a faithful remnant. In books like Daniel, Esther and Ezekiel, they find that YHWH is with the exiled Jews, even in Babylon. For the faithful Jews like Daniel who refuse to bow down to the pagan idols in the Exile, and remain faithful to YHWH, they find that YHWH is still with them. It was 50-70 years later that the unimaginable happened. King Cyrus of Persia issued an edict that allowed the Jews in exile to return to their homeland. Isaiah 40-66 is all about this. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah are also books that tell of the return from the Exile, and the troubles they faced. This was initially “good news” for the exiled Jews. There was hope and optimism that YHWH would once again re-establish His people, the Jews, in the Promised Land, and fulfill the covenant.
Yet things didn’t turn out as they had expected. Yes, some Jews had returned to the Promised Land, but not all. A lot of Jews had remained in various foreign lands—the Diaspora. Yes, they had rebuilt the Temple of YHWH, but it was nothing compared to the splendor of Solomon’s Temple. And although they were back in the Promised Land, they were not their own nation. They had no king, and were under continual rule of various foreign empires. And to top it off, by around 400 B.C., it was pretty much generally agreed that the Presence of YHWH had left them. All they had left was the Torah. And, since nothing else had turned out as they had hoped, the eventual belief by many Jews from the time of the Exile onwards was that these other things—king, Temple, great nation, the Presence of YHWH—would only be re-established once they had learned to fully obey and live by the Torah.
Conclusion
This is the basic overview, the basic blueprint, of the Old Testament Story. This is essentially the “Meta-Narrative” of the Jewish people. If you understand this “meta-narrative” you will be in a much better position to read, understand, and interpret the smaller narratives within the Old Testament that contribute to the over-arching worldview of the Old Testament. Every individual narrative/story you find in the Old Testament somehow relates to this “meta-narrative” of Israel. Therefore, when you read and study a certain individual narrative, don’t just look at that particular narrative, but also look at how that narrative relates to and fits into the over-arching story of Israel. As you read anything in the Old Testament, and later in the New Testament, take special note of the following:
(1) Creation: not just Genesis 1, but how “creation language” permeates the Old Testament as it describes YHWH’s dealings with His people.
(2) Exodus: just like “creation language,” the Old Testament is filled with “Exodus language” to describe YHWH’s dealings with His people. Simply put, virtually everything in the Old Testament is related to either Creation or the Exodus.
(3) The significance of the Promised Land as a metaphor for salvation itself.
(4) The emphasis on Israel as YHWH’s chosen people to be the means by which He blesses all nations and brings salvation to His creation.
(5) The significance given to kingship and the Temple as vehicles through which YHWH would accomplish His salvation.
(6) YHWH’s Presence with His people, whether it be in dreams and visions, at Sinai, in the Tabernacle and later Temple, or through the prophets themselves.
The Old Testament is a vast country. I hope these two posts help provide a rudimentary map to help you navigate your journey through it.
